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Vaginal discharge is a natural and healthy function of the female body that helps to keep the vagina clean, moist, and free from infections. Throughout the menstrual cycle, the amount and consistency of discharge can vary significantly. Natural discharge before menstruation is typically characterized by a thicker and whiter consistency. The state of vaginal discharge is an important indicator of potential health issues and should therefore always be monitored. Have you ever wondered what the changes in your discharge might mean? In this article, we will explore what healthy discharge looks like, how it changes throughout the menstrual cycle, and how you can recognize unhealthy discharge.
Table of contents
- What is vaginal discharge?
- Healthy discharge during the menstrual cycle
- Can vaginal discharge before your period indicate pregnancy?
- What causes more or less vaginal discharge?
- How does normal discharge differ from infectious/unhealthy discharge?
- Summary
What is vaginal discharge?
Vaginal discharge, also known in medical terms as leukorrhea, is a fluid that exits the vagina daily. This fluid is made up of mucus and dead cells and helps to keep the vagina clean and moist while protecting it from infections. Although the amount varies from woman to woman and also changes during the menstrual cycle due to hormonal fluctuations, women typically produce about 2 to 5 milliliters (mL) of vaginal discharge per day, which is approximately half to one teaspoon (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
When is vaginal discharge considered healthy?
Healthy vaginal discharge:
- .. is clear or milky white,
- .. may appear slightly yellowish when dry,
- .. does not have a strong or unpleasant odor,
- .. occurs without symptoms such as itching or burning,
- .. varies in quantity and texture throughout the menstrual cycle.
Source: Cleveland Clinic, 2022
Healthy discharge during the menstrual cycle
Healthy vaginal discharge changes throughout the menstrual cycle due to hormonal fluctuations. These hormones, especially estrogen and progesterone, regulate the amount and consistency of discharge by influencing mucus production in the cervical glands.
The menstrual cycle at a glance:
The following part provides a simplified overview of the different phases of the menstrual cycle, helping you understand during which stages vaginal discharge changes.
- Menstrual bleeding: The uterine lining is shed, resulting in bleeding.
- Follicular phase: Eggs mature in the ovaries and the uterine lining renews itself.
- Pre-ovulation: Estrogen levels rise and the uterine lining thickens.
- Ovulation (egg release): A mature egg is released from the ovary.
- Luteal phase: Higher progesterone levels ensure the uterine lining is prepared for a possible pregnancy.
- Premenstrual phase: Hormone levels drop, preparing for the shedding of the uterine lining.
Source: : Cleveland Clinic, 2022
How does vaginal discharge change during the menstrual cycle?
The following table is based on a typical 28-day cycle. However, the timing may vary depending on the individual length of your cycle.
| Menstrual phase | Discharge |
| Menstrual bleeding: Day 1–5 | Bloody vaginal discharge |
| Follicular phase: Day 6–9 | Little to no vaginal discharge, dry or sticky |
| Pre-ovulation phase: Day 10–12 | Discharge increases, becomes more moist, creamy or whitish |
| Ovulation phase: Day 13–15 | Discharge reaches peak, clear and stretchy |
| Luteal phase: Day 16–21 | Discharge decreases, becomes thicker, creamier, or sticky |
| Premenstrual phase: Day 22–28 | Whitish, thick, sticky, or slightly yellowish discharge; may be slightly brownish before the period |
For women using hormonal contraceptives, the course of vaginal discharge may differ, as estrogen and progesterone levels remain more constant and do not fluctuate as much (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).
Can vaginal discharge before your period indicate pregnancy?
Yes, vaginal discharge before your period can also be a sign of pregnancy. In early pregnancy, the body produces more progesterone to prepare and maintain the uterine lining for the implantation of the fertilized egg. However, this change alone is not a reliable sign of pregnancy. To confirm, a pregnancy test should be taken or a gynecologist should be consulted. Additionally, real menstruation is not possible during pregnancy. Bleeding in early pregnancy can occur but should be distinguished from a period (NHS, 2024).
What causes more or less vaginal discharge?
Reasons for increased discharge:
- Ovulation: During ovulation, the body produces more clear, stretchy discharge that facilitates sperm movement and thereby promotes fertilization of the egg.
- Pregnancy: In early pregnancy, increased vaginal discharge helps keep the vagina clean and prevents infections from ascending.
- Sexual arousal: Sexual desire increases blood flow to the pelvic area, which stimulates the glands in the cervix and vagina to produce more mucus and discharge.
- Infections: Infections such as bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections can increase discharge, as the body produces more mucus to flush out pathogens and prevent the spread of infection. These infections are often accompanied by other symptoms such as unpleasant odor, itching, or pain.
Reasons for decreased discharge:
- Menopause and perimenopause: During the menopause transition, which includes the time before and after menopause (when a woman becomes infertile), hormone levels decrease, leading to a reduction in discharge.
- Dehydration: A lack of fluid intake can reduce mucus production in the body.
- Hormonal contraceptives: Birth control methods often contain synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone that regulate the menstrual cycle. By preventing pregnancy, they reduce the natural production of cervical mucus and lead to less discharge.
- Stress: During prolonged stress, the body prioritizes life-sustaining functions, which can temporarily shut down non-essential systems, including reproductive functions. This may result in reduced vaginal discharge.
Sources: Sharkey, 2023; Klein, 2023
How does normal discharge differ from infectious/unhealthy discharge?
Normal vaginal discharge varies in color, quantity, and consistency throughout the cycle.
If you notice any of the following signs, it’s important to consult a doctor to prevent more serious health issues:
| Condition | Changes in discharge |
| Bacterial vaginosis | Thin to watery discharge that is gray or white in color and has a strong “fishy” odor |
| Yeast infection | Frothy, yellow-green discharge with an unpleasant, often “fishy” smell, accompanied by itching, burning, and redness |
| Trichomoniasis | Frothy, yellow-green discharge with an unpleasant, often “fishy” smell, accompanied by itching, burning, and redness |
| Chlamydia | Cloudy discharge, may appear yellowish or green; often asymptomatic |
| Gonorrhea | Yellow, green, or white pus-like discharge, often accompanied by painful urination and spotting between periods |
| Herpes | May appear in various forms (thick and sticky or thin and watery), often with strong odor, pain, itching, and blistering in the genital area |
Discharge in men can also be a sign of sexually transmitted infections and should be medically assessed.
Get tested regularly:
Genital herpes is a treatable but incurable viral infection, in which the virus remains in the body and can flare up repeatedly. Chlamydia, on the other hand, often causes no symptoms, so many people are unaware they are infected and may unknowingly spread the infection or suffer long-term consequences. For this reason, regular testing is important to detect infections at an early stage.
However, many people are reluctant to see a doctor due to embarrassment. Homed-IQ offers discreet at-home tests that can be taken privately and test for the most common sexually transmitted infections. These include the Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Test, the Basic 4 STI Test, and a comprehensive STI Test. Further information can be found on our STI website or in the blogs under the category Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
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STI Test Comprehensive
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Basic-4 STI Test
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Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea Test
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Summary
Vaginal discharge is a natural and healthy function of the female body that helps keep the vagina clean and free from infections. Healthy discharge varies in amount and consistency throughout the menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations. Typical characteristics of healthy discharge include a clear or milky-white color and the absence of strong odor, itching, or burning. Unhealthy discharge, on the other hand, may present with changes in color (yellow, green, gray), unpleasant odor, itching, pain, and unusual consistency (foamy or lumpy) and should be medically evaluated.
Referenzen
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Menstrual cycle (normal menstruation): Overview & phases. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-menstrual-cycle
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Vaginal discharge: Causes, colors, what’s normal & treatment. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/4719-vaginal-discharge
Henigsman, S. A. (n.d.). Vaginal discharge: Causes, treatments, and colors. Healthline. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-discharge
Henigsman, S. A. (n.d.). Vaginal discharge: Causes, treatments, and colors. Healthline. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-discharge
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Hormones during pregnancy. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/staying-healthy-during-pregnancy/hormones-during-pregnancy
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Vaginal discharge. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/basics/definition/sym-20050825
NHS. (n.d.). Vaginal discharge. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginal-discharge/
Nwadike, V. R. (n.d.). Early pregnancy discharge: What to expect. MedicalNewsToday. Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-does-early-pregnancy-discharge-look-like
